If you Google ‘What can artificial intelligence (AI) do for government?’, you will get a string of applications, including traffic flow analysis, streamlining healthcare services, enhanced large-scale infrastructure monitoring, processing large amounts of data, task automation via chatbots, cyber-attack prevention, and smart policymaking.
AI, in other words, can and will revolutionise government functions at every level, making them far more efficient and effective.
“In competent hands, and exploiting other digital technologies like blockchain, AI could create massive governance wins, especially in the arena of resource allocation,” says Dr Ross Harvey, director of research at Good Governance Africa. “For instance, monitoring the performance of a sewerage plant or other critical infrastructure such as stormwater drains through remote sensors could help managers implement an automated process of timeous maintenance, curtailing unnecessary expenditure,” he says.
Certainly, the lure of AI as a means to accelerate the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Africa is irresistible. AI and automated drones have been proven to increase agricultural productivity, for example, directly addressing SDG 2 on zero hunger. Addressing SDG 3 on good health and well-being, AI is set to be at the forefront of diagnostics, able to detect diseases like cancer earlier and more accurately. And looking at SDG 16 on peace, justice and strong institutions, AI can help monitor government activities, detect corruption, and improve transparency by analysing large volumes of data related to public services, budgets, and contracts.

A worker stands in front of a banner for Google Artificial Intelligence (AI) centre Ghana during the presentation of the first AI centre in Africa on April 10, 2019, at the Marriott Hotel in Accra. (Photo by CRISTINA ALDEHUELA / AFP)
However, the fuel of optimal AI performance is data – AI tools need high-quality data to avoid bias and error – and this is where African countries are sorely handicapped, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, known as a ‘data desert’.
Without localised data, AI models generalise based on patterns that are irrelevant or incorrect in the African context. So healthcare AI models trained on Western data may not accurately predict diseases or conditions prevalent in Africa, for example, and in the agriculture sector, without local datasets on soil types, climate conditions, and pest behaviour, AI models will provide inaccurate predictions and farming advice.
The World Bank’s statistical performance indicators (that measure country performance across five pillars: data use, data services, data products, data sources, and data infrastructure from 0 to 100) show that South Africa performs best in sub-Saharan Africa (at 82.37 in 2023), followed by Mauritius at 78.35 in the same year. Perhaps predictably, South Sudan scores worst (at 27.51). Gabon has improved the most over the last decade. However, even with good data at the national level, there is a deep dearth of sub-national data.
How can ‘data deserts’ be ‘planted’? NGOs like Good Governance Africa go some way to building up localised data resources in the governance space, for example our Governance Performance Index, which assesses the state of local governance in South Africa.
But most important if AI is to work optimally in Africa is information sharing, ie., data, by citizens that can be captured. This naturally hangs on internet connectivity. There are a number of initiatives to address this, like the African Development Bank’s Desert to Power project which harnesses solar energy in the Sahel region to power connectivity solutions, facilitating data access in remote areas.
Robust data infrastructure, including data centres and cloud services, is also needed for storing and processing large volumes of information, complemented by open data, which facilitates AI’s access to information.
“We really need data that speaks to Africa itself, and the case for open data means we are empowering citizens and at the same time encouraging innovation and efficiency, and not using data that is inaccurate,” said Baratang Miya, chief executive of Girlhype Coders Academy, in a ‘Fostering prosperity through policies on artificial intelligence in Africa’ panel discussion at the Economic Commission for Africa Conference of African Ministers of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (COM) last March.
There are risks – open data is vulnerable to misuse and exploitation for nefarious ends – but for organisations working in this space – like the Open Data Charter, a global initiative promoting open data to improve governance and transparency, and Masakhane, a pan-African research community focused on Natural Language Processing (NLP) for African languages – the benefits of getting the continent up to speed in the Fourth Industrial Revolution outweigh those risks.
Sound AI policy, ensuring that AI is deployed in the public interest, will mitigate those risks, at least in the governance sector. “In the effervescent realm of AI, the known, the unknown and the unknowable is best addressed through governance with humanity at its centre,” noted Fayaz King, deputy executive director of Field Results and Innovation for the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) at the COM conference.
South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya, Rwanda and Tunisia are among the countries leading the charge in developing national AI strategies, but coordinating a unified approach among 54 countries on the continent is a complex challenge, one that’s necessarily being tackled by the African Union with its new Continental AI Strategy, announced in August 2024 and to be implemented over five years from 2025 to 2030. The first phase focuses on setting up governance frameworks, developing national AI strategies, and mobilising resources, and the second phase (from 2027) looks to carry out key AI projects and initiatives.
However, without skilled people to oversee AI and other hi-tech applications, the second phase will likely run into difficulties. The sea change in the job market is already upon us; a 2020 report from the World Economic Forum predicted that AI and robotics would displace 85 million jobs by this year (2025), at the same time creating 97 million new roles in areas like AI development, data science, and human-AI collaboration.
There are unique challenges in this job-shifting landscape. Automation can exacerbate inequality if the benefits primarily go to a small segment of the population rather than those losing jobs and incomes. As Daron Acemoglu and Pascual Restrepo remark in a paper titled ‘Artificial Intelligence, Automation, and Work’, “If we do not find a way of creating shared prosperity from the productivity gains generated by new technologies, there is a danger that the political reaction to these technologies may slow down or even completely stop their adoption and development.”
That said, Africa’s tertiary education institutions have been getting ahead of the game with data science and AI courses and programmes, understanding too that emerging markets have the most to gain from AI. African educational institutions, such as the University of Pretoria in South Africa, Makerere University in Uganda, and Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in Ghana, have developed prominent AI labs and published research focused on leveraging AI for social impact.
“We are entering a world with job descriptions you haven’t yet heard of, like Blockchain consultant,” says Dr Mine de Klerk, leader of the Design & Future Learning team at Eduvos, a private higher education institution headquartered in Midrand. “Our students rightly demand more future-oriented learning. To meet this demand, we must not only adopt new technological solutions but also continually evolve our approach to curriculum design.”
In the governance space, a job title might be AI Ethics and Governance Officer. This person would work closely with AI developers and data scientists and need to be well-versed in AI technologies and algorithms, alongside expertise in regulatory compliance and risk management. In tandem with educational institutions adapting their offerings, the technology ecosystem in Africa is growing rapidly, supported by investments in AI development by global tech giants such as Google, Microsoft, and IBM, and entrepreneurship development fostered by innovation hubs like CcHub in Nigeria and iHub in Kenya.
As these developments and initiatives push the AI revolution forward in Africa, its governments will be increasingly compelled to follow suit, and the empowerment of citizens through improved governance will hopefully be exponential. Ultimately, Africa might be well placed to become a leader in using AI to solve not only local but global challenges.
This article first appeared in Mail & Guardian.
Helen Grange is a seasoned journalist and editor, with a career spanning over 30 years writing and editing for newspapers and magazines in South Africa. Her work appears primarily on Independent Online (IOL), as well as The Citizen and Business Day newspapers, focussing on business trends, women’s empowerment, entrepreneurship and travel. Magazines she has written for include Noseweek, Acumen, Forbes Africa, Wits Business Journal and UJ Alumni magazine. Among NGOs she has written or edited for are Gender Links and INMED, a global humanitarian development organisation.